AT 


Property  ol  the  United  Slates  Govern 


5 


Till    8RASSH0PPEH   PROBLE1    VM»   \l  IVI.I  \  (  l  ill  BE. 

By    I'.    M.    \\  i  B81  I  i:. 

In  chat  '      eal  and  Forage-Plant  Insect  fnvestii/ations. 

8F»  n  -    1:1  SFON8IBLE    I  OB    Dl  PR]  D\  I  IONS. 

\\  hile  specimens  of  the  species  of  grasshoppers  actually  engaged  in 
devastating  alfalfa   Gelds  have  not  always  accompanied  complaints 
of  their  ravages,  ii  is  nevertheless  possible,  taking  the  data  secured 
by   Government    and    State   officials    in    connection    with    informa- 
tion from  correspondents,  accompanied  by  specimens  of  the  insect 
actually  committing  these  depredations,  to  fix  the  responsibility 
largely  at  least     upon  two  species.    One  of  these  is  known  as  the 
differentia]  grasshopper  {Melanoplm  differentialis  Thos.,  fig.  1  i  and 
tlif  other  as  the  two-striped  grasshopper  i  M<  lanoplus  bivittatut  Say 
fig.  2). 

Other  species  of  grasshoppers  have  probably  at  times  been  more  or 
less  involve.!,  as  it  is  rarely  that  material  Hil.miit.Ml  with  a  complaint 
«>t  damages  does  not  include  more  than  one  species;  on  the  other  hand, 
species  depredating  on  other  crops  on  the  same  farm  or  ranch  are 
often  submitted  under  the  supposition  that  they  are  like  those  seen 
at  work  in  alfalfa.  A  notable  case  in  point  is  that  of  the  yellow- 
winged  or  pellucid  grasshopper  (t  amnula  pellucida  Scudd.),  which, 
while  very  destructive  to  grain  and  grass  crops,  is  said  to  work  but 
little  injury  to  alfalfa.  However,  as  all  grasshoppers  likely  to  be- 
come involved  in  this  or  similar  depredation-  have  much  the  same 
habits  and  all  are  probably  susceptible  to  the  same  treatment,  the 
question  of  species  is  not  one  to  interest  the  farmer  particularly,  be- 
yond the  matter  of  bis  ability  to  determine  for  himself  which  one  is 
the  worst  pest  and  to  apply  his  maaamas  o£jjuppression  more  espe- 
cially with  reference  thereto.  / 

--">-'  i     \      84—07  m 


\ 


III 

JLAR    • 

I  nited  States  Department  of  Ai/riculimw 

BUKKAU  OK  ENTOMOLOGY, 

L.  O.    HOWARD,    Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 


THE   MEA8UKE8  HEREIN  DESCRIBED  ARE  APPLICABLE  ALSO  TO  CLOVER  (HOI'S. 

While  this  circular  is  primarily  for  the  benefit  of  the  alfalfa 
grower,  the  measures  of  suppression  recommended  may  be  applied 

in  the  clover  Holds  of  the  eastern  section  of  this  country  with  equally 
good  results.  Indeed,  the  two  species  here  discussed  are  at  times 
destructively  abundant  in  the  red-clover  fields  of  the  Middle  West, 
and  the  writer  has  there  used  the  "  hopperdozer  "  to  advantage. 

EARLY    DEPREDATIONS. 

With  the  rapid  increase  in  the  culture  of  alfalfa  throughout  the 
country  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  there  has  come  the  problem  of 
protecting  this  crop  from  attacks  of  several  species  of  grasshoppers 
or  locusts.  The  reason  for  this  state  of  affairs  is  not  at  all  obscure 
as  in  order  to  breed  freely  and  in  destructive  numbers  these  grass- 
hoppers  require  two  conditions:  First,  an  undisturbed  soil  for  the 
protection  of  their  eggs  after  these  have  been  deposited,  and,  second, 
an  early  food  supply  for  the  young  in  spring.  Xo  other  crop  comes 
so  near  supplying  these  conditions  to  an  ideal  degree  as  does  alfalfa. 

Thus  it  is  that  the  farmer  in  this  section  of  the  country  has  from 
the  beginning  of  alfalfa  culture  been  sorely  beset    by   these   p< 
whose  destructive  hordes  might  even  now  be  said  to  follow  closely  in 
the  footprints  of  the  reclamation  engineer. 

SERIOUSNESS   OF    INJURIES. 

Hardly  a  season  passes  during  which  more  or  less  serious  outbreaks 
are  not  reported  in  different  localities,  and  the  aid  of  this  Bureau  i> 
frequently  invoked  in  destroying  these  grasshoppers  or  otherwise 
lessening  their  ravages.  Thus  during  the  year  1905  1  such  out- 
break was  reported  from  California.  7  from  Colorado.  1  from  Idaho, 
10  from  Kansas.  .3  from  New  Mexico,  2  from  Utah,  and  1  from 
Texas.  It  is  in  no  wise  likely  that  these  numbers  indicate  more  than 
a  minor  portion  of  the  destructive  outbreaks  of  these  pests  that 
actually  occurred  over  this  territory,  and  the  seriousness  of  some  of 
these  outbreaks  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  as  many  as  12  complaints 
were  received  from  a  single  locality.  In  fact,  the  probabilities  are 
that,  as  this  agricultural  industry  increases,  the  amount  of  injury  in- 
flicted by  these  insects  will  greatly  increase  in  future  unless  measures 
are  taken  to  control  them. 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  TWO   PRINCIPAL   ALFALFA-AFFECTING   SPECIES. 

The  differential  grasshopper  (fig.  1)  is  about  11  inches  long,  its 
wings  expand  about  21  inches,  and  it  is  of  a  general  bright  yellowish- 
green  color.    There  is.  however,  a  nearly  black  melanic  form  that  does 

[CIp.  84] 


8 


!  is,  i.    Differentia]  grasahopp  i 


i  —Two  striped  irrasBtai  ■■ 


not  -ccin  to  differ  otherwise  from  the  normal.    The  head  and  thorax 

■Mi-  olive-brown,  and  the  fronl   wings  are  of  verj    much  the  3ame 

color,      without      other 

markings    but     with    a 

ln'ow  nish    shade   ;ii    the 

base ;    the    hind    w  ihlt- 

are  i  inged   w  nh  green  : 

the     hind     thighs     are 

bright  yellow .  especially 

liclow  ,  w  it li    four  black 

marks;  the  hind  -hank-  arc  yellow,  with  black  spines  and  a  ring  of 

the  same  color  near  t he  base. 
The  two-striped  grasshopper  i  iii_r.  2)   varies  in  color  from  a  dull 

green  to  a  dull  brown,  with  a 
distinct  yellow  -tripe  extend- 
ing on  each  side  from  the  upper 
part  of  the  eye  to  the  end  of  the 
wing.  The  male  i-  about  1  1 
inches  long  and  the  female 
about  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
Longer.  This  grasshopper  may 
be  so  ea-il\    recognized    from 

the  accompanying  figure  thai   further  description  is  unnecessary. 

.The  young  are  very  much  like  those  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  grass- 
hopper or  locust    (Melanoplus  spretus  Thos.),  shown  in  figure  ;'>. 

DISTRIBl    nOW  OF   I  III:   I  Wo  8PE<  II  -. 

Although  both  these  grasshoppers  seem 
to  be  generally  distributed  over  the  country. 
the  differentia]  grasshopper  rarely  becomes 
destructively  abundant  easl  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River.  It  is  very  decidedly  so,  and 
with  great  frequency,  however,  to  the  west 

of  the   Mississippi,  while,  though  extending    I  :■■  aocl      Mountain 

from    Maine  to  California,  the   two-striped 

■  newly    r 

grasshopper  i-  sometimes  disastrously  abun-      larvss;  b.fau-grown 
dant,  locally  at  least,  as  far  east  as  Ohio.     *•  v""r:" 
In  the  red-clover-growing  sections  of  the  country   the  two-striped 
species   is   probably    very   much    the   more   destructive   of   the   two, 
though  even-as  far  easl  as  Indiana  the  differentia]  grasshopper  does 
considerable  injury  to  fruit  tree-  by  gnawing  the  hark  from  the  twigs. 

I  IIT.    HISTORIES    AND    II  U'.I  I -. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  ground  in  masses,  inclosed  in  moi 
less  kidney-shaped  pods,  in  late  summer  and  fall,  after  the  manner 

[Clr.84] 


shown  in  figure  1.  which  illustrates  the  oviposition  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  grasshopper  or  locust.  The  females  seem  to  prefer  a  mod- 
erately compact,  rather  damp  but  not  wet  soil  which  is  rarely  dis- 
turbed by  the  plow  or  other  cultivating  implement.  It  will  thus  he 
-ecu  that  the  alfalfa  fields  throughout  the  irrigated  sections  consti- 
tute an  ideal  breeding  ground.  Winter  i-  passed  in  the  egg  state, 
the  young  hatching  in  spring  and  reaching  maturity  in  summer,  and 
there  i-  hut  one  annual  generation.  Neither  of  the  two  species  is 
migratory.  Their  flight  is  rather  clumsy,  and  they  do  not  remain 
long  on  the  wing  before  alighting. 

NATURAL    KXKMIIs. 

Upward  of  100  species  of  birds  arc  known  to  feed  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent  upon  grasshoppers,  but  probably  the  most  useful  in  this 

direction  are  quails,  prai- 
rie thickens,  the  sparrow 
ha  wk  a nd  S  w  a  i  n  s  o  n 
hawk,  the  loggerhead 
shrike,  all  cuckoos,  the 
cowbird,  all  blackbirds 
and  meadowlarks,  the 
catbird,  and  red-headed 
woodpecker.  That  do- 
me-tic fowls  are  espe- 
cially fond  of  these  in- 
sects goes  without  saying. 
Skunk-  are  very  fond  of 

Fig.  4. — Rocky  Mountain  grasshopper  or  locust  i  Welanoplus 
gpretus):  >t.  .1,  o,  female  in  different  positions,  ovipositing;     grasshoppers,  and   are  es- 


6,  egg-pod  extracted  from  ground,  with  the  end  broken 
open;  c,  a  few  eggs  lying  loose  on  the  ground;  </.  <  show  the 
earth  partially  removed,  to  illustrate  an  egg  mas8  already 
in  place  and  one  being  placed;  /shows  where  such  a  mass 
has  been  covered  up.     1  After  Riley.  | 


teemed  by  the  Bureau  of 
Biological  Survey  as  the 
most  useful  of  mammals: 
they  therefore  deserve 
protection  rather  than  destruction  by  the  farmer.  Toads  and  prob- 
ably some  of  the  snakes  add  these  insects  to  their  bill  of  fare. 

Of  the  insect  enemies,  the  grasshopper  mite  (Trombidium  locus- 
tarum  Riley)  is  often  found  infesting  grasshoppers  in  great  numbers. 
It  collects  under  the  base  of  the  wings,  sometimes  causing  them  to 
stand  out  from  the  body.  "While  these  mite-  probably  destroy  many 
grasshoppers,  it  is  possible  that  their  value  to  the  farmer  has  been 
overestimated.  There  are  several  species  of  parasitic  flic-  that  fre- 
quently destroy  immense  numbers  of  these  grasshoppers.  Of  these 
Sarcophaga  ciwibicis  Town-..  S.  hunteri  Hough,  and  S.  georgina 
Wied.  (fig.  5)  sometimes  -weep  these  locusts  oil'  in  myriad-.  Under 
date  of  August  7.  L906,  Mr.  John  llunton.  of  Fort  Laramie.  Wyo., 
forwarded  to  the  Department  n  quantity  of  dead  differentia]  grass- 
hoppers that  he  had  found  on  different  weed-  and  grasses  over  an 
[Cir.  84] 


area  of  about  ,;  acres,  -tl\    in  alfalfa.     He  3tated  thai  although 

the  live  grasshoppers  were  yel  verj   thick,  mau\  appeared  weak  and 
in  ;i  dying  condition.     When  received  the  material  was  simph  .1  ma 
of  decaying   bodies   of  gras  hopper     and    among    them    were    botli 
maggots   and    pupa?   of   Sarroph  orgina.     These    1 1 : > -     deposit 

minute,  elongated,  ivorj  white  eggs  on  the  surface  of  the  bodii 
the  grasshoppers.     The  young  maggots   hatching  from   these  make 
their  way  directlj   into  the  body  of  their  host,  ;in<l  ;i-  they  grov  and 
develop  there  they   feed  u|><>n  the  living  insect.     When   full   grown 
the  maggots  go  into  the  ground  and  within  :i  brown  case  transfori 
to  Hies. 

While  nil  of  these  natural  enemies  do  much  to  hold  the  pests  in 
check,  there  are  two  or  three  vegetable  parasites  that  also  kill  nil 
iu\  riads  of  them,  the 
dead  bodies  of  the 
gra  ^shoppers  dest  royed 
thereby  often  being 
t  onspicuous  objects  as 
they  cling  to  the  \\ eeds 
ami  grass  \\  here  death 
overtook  them  1  see  lie.-. 
(  me  of  these  fun- 
gous parasites  i-  the 
same  as  that  attacking 
the  chinch  bug,  and 
i-  know  n  in  science  as 
s  1  nt  1  ii  hum  gloJyuli' 
n.  A  group  of 
grasshoppers  that  ha\ e 

heen   hilled   l>\'  thi-  fun-      Bib. b.—Sarcopha 

hoppers,    Much  enlarged  (origin 

gus  1-  shown  in  figure  i . 

While  it  will  be  seen  that  there  i>  no  lack  of  natural  enemies  of 
these  grasshoppers,  and  while  ;ill  of  them  arc  of  benefit  to  the  farmer, 
they  do  not  and  never  will  afford  absolute  protection  from  the  rav- 
ages of  these  pests  in  the  alfalfa  Gelds.  The  reason  for  this  is  plain. 
By  growing  a  single  plant  over  large  areas  the  farmer  produces  an 
unnatural  condition  and  oiler-  unnatural  advantages  for  the  devel- 
opment of  the  enemies  of  this  plant,  the  grasshoppers.  It  is  really 
the  number  of  plants  that  invite-  insect  attack.  So.  also,  it  i-  the 
great  number  of  grasshoppers  congregated  together  in  masses  that 
invites  attack  from  natural  enemies,  ami  it  i-  only  when  this  condi- 
tion is  present  that  these  natural  enemies  become  sufficiently  abundant 
to  offer  the  farmer  prompt  and  effective  relief.  In  other  words,  the 
natural  enemies,  however  much  restraining  force  they  may  present, 
are  always  too  far  behind  to  wholly  prevent  occasional  outbreaks  of 

[fir 


6 


these  grasshoppers.  The  fanner,  having  undertaken  the  cultiva- 
tion of  alfalfa  in  large  areas  under  conditions  preeminently  favor- 
able for  the  development  of  grasshoppers,  must  now  throw  some  re- 
straining element  into  the  other  side  of  the  scales  in  order  to  preserve 
the  balance.  Tt  thus  comes  about  that  artificial  repressive  measures 
must  be  put  into  play  in  order  to  counteract,  as  it  were,  the  effect  on 


Fig.  6. — A    view   of   grasshoppers   dead    and   dying   from    fungous   disease. 

(From   Howard.) 


Natural    size. 


nature  of  a  preponderance  of  alfalfa  plants — a  vastly  greater  number 
than  would  be  produced  under  natural  conditions.  And  this  brings 
us  to  a  consideration  of  preventive  and  repressive  measures. 

PREVENTIVE    AND    REMEDIAL    MEASURES. 

Preventive  measures,  as  here  restricted,  apply  to  a  period  antedat- 
ing the  hatching  of  the  young:  while  remedial  measures  are  such  as 
deal  with  the  insects  after  hatching  and  with  methods  of  destroying 
them. 

[Cir.  84] 


While  many  modes  of  procedure  have  been  advocated,  tending 
to  ward  ofl  impending  attacks,  and  perhaps  even  a  greater  number 
of  devices  constructed  and  mixtures  compounded  for  the  destruction 
of  grasshoppers,  we  will  here  consider  onlj  such  as  are  readily  and 
cheaply  obtainable  l>\  the  runner  and  ranchman  and  those  mosl 
practical  in  application. 

DE8TBOYING    I  lit     D 

Destroying  the  eggs  of  ilie  grasshoppers  seems  to  be  the  only 
preventive  measure  thai  promises  to  be  worth  while  attempting, 
except,  perhaps,  the  destruction  of  the  young  as  they  are  hatching. 


Fig.  7.     Grasshoppers  killed  by  tuni  '  "»»  globuUferum.    (Aftei 

Destruction  of  the  eggs  may  Ik-  accomplished  by  either  plow  ing,  har- 
rowing, disking,  or  cultivating,  in  the  fall  or  winter,  all  roadsides, 
ditch  banks,  margins  of  cultivated  fields,  uncultivated  fields,  and 
grassy  margins  along  fences.  In  short,  all  waste  lands  that  it  is  pos- 
sible to  reach  in  tin-  manner  should  receive  attention,  unless  it  is 
known  tliiit  no  eggs  were  deposited  there. 

The  soil  need  nol  be  stirred  deeply.  2  inches  being  a  sufficient 
depth  to  accomplish  the  desired  effeel ;  and  circumstances  will  proba- 
bly dictate  the  kind  of  tool  or  tools  that  a  fanner  ought  to  Use  and 
where  to  use  them.  There  is  no  doubt  whatever  that  if  this  measure 
were  put  into  operation  at  the  proper  time,  in  whatever  manner  is 
most  practicable,  disastrous  outbreaks  the  following  spring  would 
he  fore-tailed  and  prevented.     Except  in  cases  of  isolated  farms  or 

[Cir.s»i 


ranches,  there  should  by  all  means  be  concerted  action  in  this  move- 
ment. 

Where  fields  can  be  quickly  inundated  and  the  water  promptly  run 
off,  as  is  frequently  done  in  rice  fields,  the  young  grasshoppers  may 
he  killed  by  flooding  the  Held  for  a  day  or  two  just  as  the  eggs  arc 
hatching.  If  close  watch  is  kept  to  determine  just  when  the  young 
grasshoppers  are  hatching,  and  prompt  action  taken  at  this  time, 
much  good  can  be  accomplished:  hut  as  soon  as  the  young  begin  to 
move  about.  Hooding  will  avail  but  little,  as  the  grasshoppers  will 
climb  to  the  upper  part  of  vegetation  beyond  the  reach  of  the  water. 


DESTROYING    THE    INSECTS. 


Under  this  head  will  be  discussed  those  measures  which  should  be 
resorted  to  when  the  grasshoppers,  having  hatched  from  the  egg.  are 
threatening  alfalfa  fields  from  within  or  without,  or  both. 

The  hopperdozer. — On  level  or  comparatively  level  land  this  im- 
plement can  be  used  to  good  advantage  in  collecting  grasshoppers 
of  all  ages — from  the  youngest  to  the  adults.  There  arc  many  modifi- 
cations in  the  construction  of  these  hopperdozers,  hut  the  form  here 
described  and  figured,  the  writer  has  had  made  for  him.  and  he  has 
employed  it  in  the  fields  and  knows  from  experience  that  its  use  is 
both  practicable  and  efficient.  It  is  constructed  of  sheet  iron,  pref- 
erably galvanized,  of  reasonable  thickness  to  insure  strength,  and. 
except  for  the  end  pieces,  made  of  a  single  -licet  10  or  12  feet  long 
and  26  inches  in  width.  The  front  i-  formed  by  turning  up  one  edge 
a  couple  of  inches,  and  the  back  may  be  turned  up  a  foot,  thus 
making  a  shallow  pan  1  foot  wide,  with  the  back  the  same  height 
and  with  a  front  2  inches  high.  Ends  are  riveted  in  and  soldered, 
as  shown  in  figure  8.  Runners  of  old  wagon  tire  are  placed  at  each 
end  (a,  h) .  and  another  in  the  center  (e)  is  turned  over  in  the  front 
and  back  to  strengthen  the  pan  at  these  points.  These  runners  are 
riveted  to  the  pan,  as  shown,  and  should  extend  both  backward  and 
forward  in  order  to  overcome  to  some  extent  the  inequalities  of  the 
ground  and  cause  the  hopperdozer  to  run  more  smoothly.  By  solder- 
ing it  about  the  heads  of  the  rivets  the  pan  will  be  made  water-tight 
The  pan  is  filled  with  water  on  which  is  poured  enough  kerosene  to 
cover  it  with  a  film,  a  horse  is  hitched  to  the  end  runners,  and  the  out- 
fit is  then  ready  for  use.  As  the  hopperdozer  is  drawn  over  the 
ground  the  locusts  will  either  jump  into  the  kerosene  and  water 
direct  or  against  the  back  and  drop  into  it  and  there  be  killed.  By 
using  longer,  wider,  and  heavier  sheet  iron  a  larger  and  stronger  pan 
can  be  made  and  this  further  strengthened  by  additional  runner-:  a 
horse  can  then  be  hitched  to  each  end.  or  the  pan  may  be  mounted  on 
low  wheels.  The  whole  thing  is  easily  constructed,  inexpensive,  and 
once  made  may  be  put  into  service  year  after  year  as  needed.  The 
[Cir.  s4] 


g 

<nil\  place  where  it-  use  will  prove  more  or  leas  impracticable  will  be 
mi  hilly  or  rockj  lands  or  on  thai  not  yel  cleared  of  stun 

Poisoned  baits.  Here  again  we  have  an  inexpensive,  practical  way 
of  dealing  with  these  grasshoppers  even  when,  as  is  frequently  the 
case,  ili«'\  breed  in  the  alfalfa  fields  and  the  protection,  whatever 
it  may  !>»•.  musl  be  applied  there.  \Yli;it  has  come  t"  be  known  as 
the  " Criddle  mixture"  is  giving  mosl  satisfactory  results  on  the 
ranches  of  l»>th  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  mixture  i 
composed  of  half  ;i  barrel  of  fresh  horse  droppings  in  which  is 
mixed  l  pound  each  of  sail  and  Paris  green.  If  the  horse  droppings 
are  nol  fresh  the  sail  is  dissolved  in  water  and  mixed  with  the  manure 
;ind  poison.  When  this  mixture  is  scattered  freely  aboul  where  the 
grasshoppers  are  abundanl  they  seem  to  be  attracted  t<>  it.  for  they 
devour  il  readily  and  air  poisoned  thereby.  Dr.  .lame-  Fletcher, 
entomologist    for  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  cites  an   instance  where 


Fi.;.   B.-  "  Hopperdo«er."      \  Blmple  coal-oil  pan,  to  be  drawn  by   I    rae      (After 

tin-  mixture  had  been  scattered  freely  around  the  edges  of  a  field 
and  states  thai  this  particular  field  stood  out  as  a  green  patch  in  .1 
brown  plain,  as  it  was  situated  in  the  midst  of  fields  where  nothing 
had  been  done  to  destroy  the  grasshoppers.  This  ('riddle  mixture 
now  seems  preferable  to  the  poisoned-bran  remedy  thai  has  given 
and  -till  continue-  to  give  beneficial  results,  for  it  is  less  expensive 
than  the  latter  and  less  likely  to  poison  other  animal  life. 


(  OOPEB  moN. 

Cooperation  between  farmer-  or  ranchmen  is  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance, whether  the  hopperdozer  or  poisoned  l>ait-  l>e  used.  On 
some  of  the  more  extensive  ranches  the  owner-  can  protect  themselves 

by  reason  of  the  great  extent  of  territory  that  i-  under  the  control  of 
a  single  individual,  hut  among  -mallei'  holdings  cooperation  ig  very 
essential. 

(fir 


10 

FORESTALL!  NG    OUTBHEAKS" 

The  ranchman  would  style  this  "watching  out  for  trouble."  By 
this  is  meant  the  careful  watching  of  the  fields  for  the  appearance 
of  the  grasshoppers.  When  these  are  found  to  be  present,  do  not 
wait  to  see  what  they  are  going  to  do,  but  prevent  their  doing  any- 
thing by  putting  into  practice,  before  any  damage  has  been  done  and 
while  the  grasshoppers  are  very  young,  whatever  measures  are  to  be 
used.  It  usually  requires  several  days  to  poison  the  grashoppers,  and 
large  areas  can  not  be  traversed  with  the  hopperdozers  in  a  day.  Do 
not  then  wait  to  see  what  the  grasshoppers  will  do.  but  see  to  it  that 
by  taking  them  at  the  start  they  are  prevented  from  doing  any  harm. 

Approved : 

James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Washington,  D.  C,  February  JO,  1907. 

[Cir.  84] 

o 


UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA 


3  1262  09216  5157 


